ENGLISH DIPHTHONGS

With /i/: /ei/, /ai/, /ɔi/

With /Ə/:  /iƏ/, /eƏ/, /ᴜƏ/

With /ᴜ/: /Əᴜ/, /аᴜ/

EXAMPLES:

/ei/: day, pay, say        /eƏ/: bear, pair                                         

/ai/: sky, buy, cry`      /ᴜƏ/: tour, tourist, poor

/ɔi/: boy, toy, coy            /Əᴜ/: so, phone, no

/iƏ/:  beer, pie, hear            /аᴜ/: how, brown, cow

NASAL SOUNDS

NASAL SOUNDS

the air goes out of our nose instead of our mouths.

/m/, /n/ and /ng/

/m/: mat

       meat

       rum

/n/: neat

                                         run

                                         knit

                                  /ng/: bring

                                          sang

                                          gong

BILABIAL

Bilabial sounds are those sounds made by the articulationof the lips against each other

/p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/

/p/: (voiceless)                                                                                 

ex: pot, happy, top            

/b/: (voiced)

ex: ball, taboo, rub

/m/: (voiced)

ex: mask, amount, calm

                                                                  /w/: (voiced)

                                                                         ex: wish, awhile

Black Vowels

A black vowel is produced with a backward shift of the tongue from it's neutral or rest position.

/u/  /ʊ/

/o/ /ɔ/

/ɑ/ 

Consonants Glides

A glide is a consonant charaterized by a continued, gliding motion of the articulators into the following vowel; also referred to as a semi- vowel 

   Voiced

                 /w/     Bilabial

                           /j/     Lingua- palatal

Consonants Fricatives

A fricative is a consonants produced by forcing the breath sream through a contriction formed by articulators in the vocal tract.

Voiceless  Voiced

                                    /f/      /v/             Labiodental

                                 /θ/     /ð/          Lingua- dental

                                    /s/      /z/            Lingua-alveolar

                             /ʃ /     /ʒ/       Lingua- palatal

                 /h/ .......... ...       Glottal

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/#

Information in each consonants

Vowels and vowels rules

In english, spelling, each vowel letter can be pronunced with different sounds. There are only five vowel letters, but there are many more vowel sounds. The most common pronunciation are the alphabet vowel sounds and the relative vowel sounds

Sometimes vowel letters are pronunced like their names. These sounds are called the alphabet  vowel sounds.The alphabet vowel sounds are pronunced with a small change in the sound at the end  this change is called the off-glide

If there are two vowel letters in an one- syllable word

1. The first vowel letter is pronunced with its aphabet vowel sound

a /ei/

e /i/

i /ai/

o /ou/

u  /iu/

2. The second vowel letter is silent 

Example 

Fine

Twice 

Note 

Chose 

Listen this video and practice

INTONATION

Intonation is crucial for communication,  It's also a largely unconscious mechanism, and as such, a complex aspect of pronunciation.
Intonation is about how we say things, rather than what we say. Without intonation, it's impossible to understand the expressions and thoughts that go with words.


SOME RULES:
* Wh-word questions: falling intonation
* Yes/No questions: rising
* Statements: falling
* Question-Tags: 'chat' - falling; 'check' - rising
* Lists: rising, rising, rising, falling

A SHOPPING DIALOGE:
SK: Can I help you?
C: I'd like a chocolate (fall) ice-cream.
SK: One chocolate (fall-rise) ice-cream. Anything else?
C: One strawberry (fall) ice-cream.
SK: One chocolate (fall), one strawberry (fall). Anything else?
C: Yes. One chocolate (fall), one strawberry (fall), and one vanilla (fall-rise).

VOWELS

Affricates Consonants

 Affricates Consonants 

Consonants Liquds

Emphasizing Auxiliary Verbs 

Usually,auxiliary verbs like do,be and have are contracted.

But when they are the most important word in a sentence,they are said in the full form.

A. I don't have to work today

B. yes, you do have to work, and right now.

____

A. That's a mean dog.

B.Yes, it is a mean dog, but not as mean as mine. 

Emphasizing: " AND " "CAN"

And,and the auxiliary verb can are usually reduce.But these structure words are emphasized when they are the focus word in a sentence.

Examples: 

A.Our specialties are steak and lobster.

B. Terrific! I'll have steak and lobster! 

____

A. Which is more important - intelligence or effort?

B. Both.  You need intelligence and effort?

Emphasizing Structure Words

When a speakers feels strongly or wants to correct something that was said before,a structure word may be emphasized.

Examples of emphasizing structure words

 Notice how it is emphasized  words

A. You'll have to wait until you're old enough.

B. But I am old enough!

_____

A.I think she's either scared or excited

B. maybe she's scated and excited

_____

A. Our specialties are steaken I lobster

B. Terrific! I'll have steak and lobster!

Connected Speach

It's the key to gaining a natural, smooth-flowing style of speech. People do not speak in separate words, they speak in logical connected groups of words.

ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEACH


1. linking between words
   
    A. COSONANT + VOWEL


tell_about_it           put_it_on


   B. CONSONANT + CONSONANT


Red_door         I told_peter


   C. VOWELS LINKS WITH (J) (Y) AND (W)


Two_eggs        three_eggs

2. contracted forms


She's gone = she has gone
She's happy = she is happy


3. weak and strong forms


I am French
She loves to stay here


4. Leaving out consonant /t/ and /d/ in clusters


last month
hurt you
conected it


5. Leaving out vowels in words


chocolate
camera
every

Word Stress Patterns

Every English word has a stress pattern. Using the correct pattern is ever more important than using the correct sounds.


Strees rules 


1. Stress rule for Two syllable words, execpt for Verbs, two- syllable words usually stressed on the first syllable


Examples: 
               
Lemon              Jacket             Older


In names :
  
Susan                Allen               Kevin


2. Stress in words that end in -tion, -sion, and -cian.


Remember all of these endings are pronounced  /sen/



Examples :


Reduction               Electrician                   Participation

Musician               Complication                 Examination

Correction             Occupation                  Administration


The stressed syllable comes just before the -tion/ -sion/ or cian/

3. Stress in words that end in -ic and -ical

Atlantic                 Robotic

Electric                 Narcotic

Domestic              Statistic

• Come just the stressed before the -ic and -ical
• The stressed syllable on the Noun is in the first syllable and in the Verb in the last syllable.

4. Pronuncing two clear vowels together

Biology
Reality
Create

5. Stress in two-syllable nouns and verbs

Noun                         Verb

Record                      Record
Object                      Object
Permit                      Permit 
Suspect                    Suspect

6. Stress in two- word verbs

Noun                               Verb

Setup                             Set up
Holdup                           Hold up
Lookup                           Look up

7. Stress in compound nouns

Houseboat
Bathroom
Raincoat      

Practice with this dialogue your words stress


1. Look at the underlined words in the following dialogue. The stressed syllables are in bold.

Listen

President - Cookies - Dinner - Refrigeration - Electrification - Robert - Reduction - Regulation - Atlantic - Economic - Biology - Create - Cutback - Cut back - They agreed to sign a contract - Cold air makes metal contract - High school